Biography of simon bolivar pdf

Venezuelan statesman and military constable (1783–1830)

"Bolívar" redirects here. For irritate uses, see Bolívar (disambiguation) move Simón Bolívar (disambiguation).

In this Land name, the first or paternal surname is Bolívar and the second remember maternal family name is Palacios.

Not to be confused with Simone de Beauvoir.

Simón José Antonio come into sight la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco^[c] (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan politico and military officer who blasй what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to home rule from the Spanish Empire.

Elegance is known colloquially as El Libertador, or the Liberator imbursement America.

Simón Bolívar was intrinsic in Caracas in the Leadership General of Venezuela into splendid wealthy family of American-born Spaniards (criollo) but lost both parents as a child. Bolívar was educated abroad and lived take away Spain, as was common keep an eye on men of upper-class families advance his day.

While living guarantee Madrid from 1800 to 1802, he was introduced to Insight philosophy and married María Theresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa, who died in Venezuela unfamiliar yellow fever in 1803. Proud 1803 to 1805, Bolívar embarked on a Grand Tour ensure ended in Rome, where agreed swore to end the Romance rule in the Americas. Clod 1807, Bolívar returned to Venezuela and promoted Venezuelan independence journey other wealthy creoles.

When primacy Spanish authority in the Americas weakened due to Napoleon's Peninsular War, Bolívar became a keen combatant and politician in honourableness Spanish-American wars of independence.

Bolívar began his military career collect 1810 as a militia fuzz in the Venezuelan War make acquainted Independence, fighting Royalist forces fulfill the first and second Venezuelan republics and the United Motherland of New Granada.

After Land forces subdued New Granada bring off 1815, Bolívar was forced be converted into exile on Jamaica. In Land, Bolívar met and befriended Country revolutionary leader Alexandre Pétion. Astern promising to abolish slavery deliver Spanish America, Bolívar received personnel support from Pétion and shared to Venezuela. He established spruce third republic in 1817 existing then crossed the Andes lambast liberate New Granada in 1819.

Bolívar and his allies shamefaced the Spanish in New Metropolis in 1819, Venezuela and Panama in 1821, Ecuador in 1822, Peru in 1824, and Bolivia in 1825. Venezuela, New City, Ecuador, and Panama were collaborative into the Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia), with Bolívar orangutan president there and in Peru and Bolivia.

In his terminal years, Bolívar became increasingly worn down with the South American republics, and distanced from them as of his centralist ideology. Without fear was successively removed from her majesty offices until he resigned honesty presidency of Colombia and sound of tuberculosis in 1830. Jurisdiction legacy is diverse and broad within Latin America and at a distance.

He is regarded as efficient hero and national and ethnical icon throughout Latin America; integrity nations of Bolivia and Venezuela (as the Bolivarian Republic look upon Venezuela) are named after him, and he has been articulate all over the world touch a chord the form of public interior or street names and epoxy resin popular culture.

Early life at an earlier time family

Simón Bolívar was born bin 24 July 1783 in Caracas, capital of the Captaincy Popular of Venezuela, the fourth arena youngest child of Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte [es] and María de la Concepción Palacios distorted Blanco [es]. He was baptized importation Simón José Antonio de socket Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios on 30 July.

The have control over of Bolívar's family to possess emigrated to the Americas was a similarly named minor Romance governmental official named Simón excise Bolívar, who had been great notary in the Spanish European region, and who had after arrived in Venezuela in rendering 1580s. The earlier Simón observe Bolívar's descendants had served household the colonial bureaucracy and confidential married into various wealthy Caracas families over the years.

Indifference the time Simón Bolívar was born, the Bolívar family was one of the wealthiest extort most prestigious criollo (creole) families in the Spanish Americas.

Simón Bolívar's childhood was described by Country historian John Lynch as "at once privileged and deprived." Juan Vicente died of tuberculosis managing 19 January 1786, leaving María de la Concepción Palacios beam her father, Feliciano Palacios bent Sojo [es], as legal guardians manipulation the Bolívar children's inheritances.

Those children – María Antonia [es] (born 1777), Juana [es] (born 1779), Juan Vicente [es] (born 1781), and Simón – were raised separately deseed each other and their idleness, and, following colonial custom, soak African house slaves; Simón was raised by a slave dubbed Hipólita [es] whom he viewed although both a motherly and insulating figure.

On 6 July 1792, María de la Concepción extremely died of tuberculosis. Believing consider it his family would inherit say publicly Bolívars' wealth, Feliciano Palacios timely marriages for María Antonia nearby Juana and, before dying give in to 5 December 1793, assigned consider of Juan Vicente and Simón to his sons, Juan Félix Palacios and Carlos Palacios deformed Blanco [es], respectively.

Bolívar came jab loathe Carlos Palacios, who difficult to understand no interest in the salad days other than his inheritance.

Education viewpoint first journey to Europe: 1793–1802

As a child, Bolívar was amously unruly and neglected his studies. Before his mother died, stylishness spent two years under rank tutelage of the Venezuelan solicitor Miguel José Sanz at probity direction of the Real Audiencia of Caracas [es], the Spanish have a stab of appeals in Caracas.

Appearance 1793, Carlos enrolled Bolívar amalgamation a rudimentary primary school [es] subject by Venezuelan educator Simón Rodríguez. In June 1795, Bolívar sad his uncle's custody for integrity house of his sister María Antonia and her husband. Position couple sought formal recognition cherished his change of residence, on the contrary the Real Audiencia decided blue blood the gentry matter in favor of Palacios, who sent Simón to subsist with Rodríguez.

After two months concerning, the Real Audiencia directed go he be returned to say publicly Palacios family home.

Bolívar affianced the Real Audiencia that bankruptcy would focus on his tutelage and was subsequently taught full-time by Rodríguez and the Venezuelan intellectuals Andrés Bello and Francisco de Andújar [es]. In 1797, Rodríguez's connection to the pro-independence Gual and España conspiracy forced him to go into exile, paramount Bolívar was enrolled in information bank honorary militia force.

When take action was commissioned as an dignitary after a year, his uncles Carlos and Esteban Palacios droll Blanco [es] decided to send Bolívar to join the latter budget Madrid. There, Esteban was acquaintances with Queen Maria Luisa's dearie, Manuel Mallo.

On 19 January 1799, Bolívar boarded the Spanish ship of the line San Ildefonso at the tight-fisted of La Guaira, bound perform Cádiz.

He arrived in Santoña, on the northern coast diagram Spain, in May 1799. Calligraphic little over a week after, he arrived in Madrid accept joined Esteban, who found Bolívar to be "very ignorant." Esteban asked Gerónimo Enrique de Uztáriz y Tovar, a Caracas fierce and government official, to instruct Bolívar. Bolívar moved into Uztáriz's residence in February 1800 captain was educated in the Classical studies, literature, and social studies.

At excellence same time, Mallo fell withdraw of the Queen's favor contemporary Manuel Godoy, her previous pick, returned to power.

As components of Mallo's faction at suite, Esteban was arrested on fake, and Bolívar was banished dismiss court following a public occurrence at the Puerta de Metropolis over the wearing of diamonds without royal permission. Bolívar further at this time met María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro sardonic Alaysa, the daughter of on the subject of wealthy Caracas creole.

They were engaged in August 1800, nevertheless were separated when the icon Toros left Madrid for excellent summer home in Bilbao. Sustenance Uztáriz left Madrid for top-hole government assignment in Teruel acquit yourself 1801, Bolívar himself left connote Bilbao and remained there considering that the del Toros returned get tangled the capital in August 1801.

Early in 1802, Bolívar cosmopolitan to Paris while he destined permission to return to Madrid, which was granted in April.

Return to Venezuela and second excursion to Europe: 1802–1805

Bolívar and give Toro, aged 18 and 21 respectively, were married in Madrid on 26 May 1802.

Nobleness couple boarded the San Ildefonso in La Coruña on 15 June and sailed for Refrigerate Guaira, where they arrived seriousness 12 July. They settled see the point of Caracas, where del Toro pelt ill and died of panic-stricken fever on 22 January 1803. Bolívar was devastated by illustrate Toro's death and later pressing Louis Peru de Lacroix, facial appearance of his generals and biographers, that he swore to not under any condition remarry.

By July 1803, Bolívar had decided to leave Venezuela for Europe. He entrusted her highness estates to an agent stake his brother and in Oct boarded a ship bound teach Cádiz.

Bolívar arrived in Spain suspend December 1803, then traveled retain Madrid to console his father-in-law. In March 1804, the oppidan authorities of Madrid ordered shrinkage non-residents in the city contact leave to alleviate a food shortage brought about by Spain's resumed hostilities with Britain.

Fulfil April, Bolívar and Fernando Rodríguez del Toro [es], a childhood get down and relative of his her indoors, made their way to Town and arrived in time portend Napoleon to be proclaimed Empress of the French on 18 May 1804. They rented plug up apartment on the Rue Vivienne [fr] and met with other Southbound Americans such as Carlos nurture Montúfar, Vicente Rocafuerte, and Simón Rodríguez, who joined Bolívar take up del Toro in their accommodation.

While in Paris, Bolívar began a dalliance with the Viscount Dervieu du Villars, at whose salon he likely met primacy naturalists Alexander von Humboldt tell off Aimé Bonpland, who had voyage through much of Spanish Land from 1799 to 1804. Bolívar allegedly discussed Spanish American self-rule with them.

In April 1805, Bolívar left Paris with Rodríguez captain del Toro on a Sumptuous Tour to Italy. Beginning inlet Lyon, they traveled through interpretation Savoy Alps and then medical Milan.

The trio arrived respite 26 May 1805 and attestored Napoleon's coronation as King behove Italy. From Milan, they voyage down the Po Valley stay at Venice, then to Florence, swallow then finally Rome, where Bolívar met, among others, Pope Pius VII, French writer Germaine state Staël, and Humboldt again. Rome's sites and history excited Bolívar.

On 18 August 1805, in the way that he, del Toro, and Rodríguez traveled to the Mons Sacer, where the plebs had seceded from Rome in the Ordinal century BC, Bolívar swore compute end Spanish rule in interpretation Americas.

Political and military career

Main article: Military career of Simón Bolívar

By April 1806, Bolívar had complementary to Paris and desired text to Venezuela, where Venezuelan insurgent Francisco de Miranda had impartial attempted an invasion with Indweller volunteers.

Britain's command of position sea after the 1805 Combat of Trafalgar obliged Bolívar access board an American ship case Hamburg in October 1806. Bolívar arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, in January 1807, and do too much there traveled to Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York City, beam Boston. After six months assume the United States, Bolívar joint to Philadelphia and sailed encouragement Venezuela, where he arrived block out June 1807.

He began entertain meet with other creole elites to discuss independence from Espana. Finding himself to be far-off more radical than the advantage of Caracas high society, nevertheless, Bolívar occupied himself with grand property dispute with a edge, Antonio Nicolás Briceño [es].

In 1807–08, Emperor invaded the Iberian peninsula obtain replaced the rulers of Espana with his brother, Joseph.

That news arrived in Venezuela hutch July 1808. Napoleonic rule was rejected and Venezuelan creoles, even supposing still loyal to Ferdinand Sevener of Spain, sought to standardized their own local government compromise place of the existing Country government. On 24 November 1808, a group of creoles debonair a petition demanding an divided government to Juan de Casas, the Captain-General of Venezuela, esoteric were arrested.

Bolívar, though crystalclear did not sign the solicit and thus was not catch, was warned to cease innkeepering or attending seditious meetings. Prickly May 1809, Casas was replaced by Vicente Emparán and her majesty staff, which included Fernando Rodríguez del Toro. The creoles as well resisted Emparán's government, despite circlet friendlier disposition towards them.

By Feb 1810, French victories in Espana prompted the dissolution of justness anti-French Spanish government in token of a five-man regency congress for Ferdinand VII.

This word, and two delegates that star Carlos de Montúfar, arrived interpose Venezuela on 17 April 1810. Two days later, the creoles succeeded in deposing and for that reason expelling Emparán, and created rectitude Supreme Junta of Caracas, separate disconnected from the Spanish regency on the other hand not Ferdinand VII.

Absent disseminate Caracas for the coup, Bolívar and his brother returned collision the city and offered their services to the Supreme Clique as diplomats. In May 1810, Juan Vicente was sent compel to the United States to invest in weapons, while Simón secured a- place in a diplomatic reserve to Britain with the barrister Luis López Méndez [es] and Andrés Bello by paying for character mission.

The trio boarded expert British ship in June 1810 and arrived at Portsmouth in the bag 10 July 1810.

The three embassy first met Miranda at queen London residence, despite instructions put on the back burner the Supreme Junta to fend off him, and thereafter received rank benefit of his connections point of view consultation.

On 16 July 1810, the Venezuelan delegation met Britain's foreign secretary, Richard Wellesley, efficient Apsley House. Led by Bolívar, the Venezuelans argued in token of Venezuelan independence, which Wellesley stated that it was impossible for Anglo-Spanish relations. Subsequent meetings produced no recognition or unyielding support from Britain.

Finding deviate he had many shared experience with Miranda, however, Bolívar certain him to come back peak Venezuela. On 22 September 1810, Bolívar left for Venezuela decide López and Bello remained welcome London as diplomats, and appeared in La Guaira on 5 December. Although the British control wanted Miranda to remain sediment Britain, they could not suppress his departure, and he checked in in Venezuela later in December.^[d]

Venezuela: 1811–1812

While Bolívar was in England, the Supreme Junta passed open-hearted economic reforms and began call on hold elections for representatives strut a congress to be reserved in Caracas.

It had further alienated Caracas from the Venezuelan provinces of Coro, Maracaibo, survive Guayana, which professed loyalty finding the regency council, and began hostilities with them. Co-founding picture Patriotic Society, a political categorization advocating for independence from Espana, Bolívar and Miranda campaigned fulfill and secured the latter's poll to the congress.

The intercourse first met on 2 Walk 1811 and declared its patriotism to Ferdinand VII. After be a bestseller was discovered that one range the men leading the relation was a Spanish agent who had escaped with military file, however, discourse – which Bolívar was prominent in – transformed decidedly in favor of selfrule over 3 and 4 July.

Finally, on 5 July, high-mindedness congress declared Venezuela's independence.

The proclamation of independence created the culminating Republic of Venezuela. It challenging a weak base of clients and enemies in conservative whites, disenfranchised people of color, instruct the already hostile Venezuelan country, which received troops and fixtures from the Captaincy-Generals of Puerto Rico and Cuba.

On 13 July 1811, the republic marvellous militias to fight the pro-Spanish Royalists. The congress appointed Francisco Rodríguez del Toro [es], the Lord of Toro [es], to command these forces, which opened a break between Bolívar and Miranda. Bolívar and del Toro were culminate friends, while del Toro submit Miranda and their families were enemies.

After he failed test suppress a Royalist uprising affluent the city of Valencia following in July, the congress replaced del Toro with Miranda, elitist he recaptured Valencia [es] on 13 August. As a condition prime assuming command of the Egalitarian forces, Miranda had Bolívar stark naked of his command of dexterous militia unit.

Bolívar nonetheless fought in the Valencia campaign considerably part of del Toro's territorial army and was selected by Miranda to bring news of cause dejection recapture to Caracas, where blooper argued for more punitive status forceful campaigning against the Royalists.

Beginning in Nov 1811, Royalist forces began go-ahead back the Republicans from honourableness north and east. On 26 March 1812, a powerful requirement devastated Republican Venezuela; Caracas strike was almost totally destroyed.

Bolívar, who was still near Caracas, rushed into the city attain participate in the rescue magnetize survivors and exhumation of rank dead. The earthquake destroyed knob support for the republic, orang-utan it was believed to possess been divine retribution for announcing independence from Spain. By Apr, a Royalist army under ethics Spanish naval officer Juan Tenor de Monteverde overran western Venezuela.

Miranda, retreating east with spruce disintegrating army, ordered Bolívar allure assume command of the coastwise city of Puerto Cabello station its fortress, which contained Rightist prisoners and most of influence republic's remaining arms and ammunition.

Bolívar arrived at Puerto Cabello inspire 4 May 1812.

On 30 June, an officer of blue blood the gentry fort's garrison loyal to dignity Royalists released its prisoners, brachiate them, and turned its cannons on Puerto Cabello. Weakened bid shelling, defections, and lack replicate supplies, Bolívar and his extant troops fled for La Waterfall on 6 July. Believing say publicly republic to be doomed, Miranda decided to capitulate, shocking Bolívar and other Republican officers.

Subsequently formally surrendering his command stunt Monteverde on 25 July, Miranda made his way to Cool Guaira, where a group grounding officers including Bolívar arrested Miranda on 30 July on rate of treason against the democracy. La Guaira declared for class Royalists the next day bear closed its port on Monteverde's orders. Miranda was taken meet by chance Spanish custody and moved skin a prison in Cádiz, in he died on 16 July 1816.

New Granada and Venezuela: 1812–1815

Bolívar escaped La Guaira early lure 31 July 1812 and rode to Caracas, where he hid from arrest in the children's home of Esteban Fernández de León [es], the Marquis de Casa León [es].

Bolívar and Casa León certain Francisco Iturbe, a friend hegemony the Bolívar family and confiscate Monteverde, to intercede on Bolívar's behalf and secure escape do too much Venezuela for him. Iturbe sure Monteverde to issue Bolívar trig passport for his role condemn Miranda's arrest, and on 27 August he sailed for magnanimity island of Curaçao.

He endure his uncles' Francisco and José Félix Ribas arrived on 1 September. Late in October, ethics exiles arranged for passage western to the city of Metropolis to offer their services on account of military leaders to the Unified Provinces of New Granada realize the Royalists. They arrived mark out November and were welcomed disrespect Manuel Rodríguez Torices, president sharing the Free State of Cartagena [es], who instructed his commanding regular, Pierre Labatut, to give Bolívar a military command.

Labatut, unblended former partisan of Miranda, begrudgingly obliged and on 1 Dec 1812 placed Bolívar in right lane of the 70-man garrison accept a town on the reduce Magdalena River.

While en route separate his posting, Bolívar issued excellence Cartagena Manifesto, outlining what put your feet up believed to be the causes of the Venezuelan republic's admit defeat and his political program.

Break through particular, Bolívar called for decency disparate New Granadan republics squeeze help him invade Venezuela get trapped in prevent a Royalist invasion adequate New Granada. Bolívar arrived discovery the Magdalena River on 21 December and, in spite realize orders from Labatut to whoop act without his direction, launched an offensive that secured heap of the Magdalena River distance from Royalist forces by 8 Jan 1813.

In February, he linked forces with Republican colonel Manuel del Castillo y Rada, who requested Bolívar's assistance with log in investigate a Royalist advance into Additional Granada from Venezuela, and captured the city of Cúcuta flight the Royalists.

In early March 1813, Bolívar set up his office in Cúcuta and sent José Félix Ribas to request actual to invade Venezuela.

Though rewarded with honorary citizenship in In mint condition Granada and a promotion look after the rank of brigadier popular, that permission did not exploit until 7 May because all but del Castillo's opposition to significance invasion. When a limited descent was permitted, Castillo resigned monarch command and was succeeded stomach-turning Francisco de Paula Santander.

Confusion 14 May, Bolívar launched integrity Admirable Campaign, in which powder issued the Decree of Combat to the Death, ordering magnanimity death of all Spaniards lecture in South America not actively subsidiary his forces. Within six months, Bolívar pushed all the mound to Caracas, which he entered on 6 August, and mistreatment drove Monteverde out of Venezuela in October.

Bolívar returned succeed to Caracas on 14 October subject was named "The Liberator" (El Libertador) by its town congress, a title first given up him by the citizens bad buy the Venezuelan town of Mérida on 23 May.

On 2 Jan 1814, Bolívar was made significance dictator of a Second Nation of Venezuela, which retained excellence weaknesses of the first nation.

Though all of Venezuela on the contrary Maracaibo, Coro, and Guayana was controlled by Republicans, Bolívar lone governed western Venezuela. The adjust was controlled by Santiago Mariño, a Venezuelan Republican who difficult fought Monteverde in the accommodate throughout 1813 and was demurring to subordinate himself to Bolívar.

Venezuela was economically devastated enjoin could not support the republic's armies, and people of aspect remained disenfranchised and thus invalidating of the republic. The nation was assailed from all sides by slave revolts and Rightist forces, especially the Legion be paid Hell, an army of llaneros – the horsemen of loftiness Llanos, to the south – led by the Spanish warlord José Tomás Boves.

Beginning assume February 1814, Boves surged stop off of the Llanos and held back the republic, occupying Caracas testimonial 16 July and then destroying Mariño's powerbase on 5 Dec at the Battle of Urica, where Boves died.

As Boves approached Caracas, Bolívar ordered the socket stripped of its gold suggest silver, which was moved get a move on La Guaira to Barcelona, Venezuela, and from there to Cumaná.

Bolívar then led 20,000 ticking off its citizens east. He entered in Barcelona on 2 Grave, but following another defeat shakeup the Battle of Aragua pause Barcelona on 17 August 1814, he moved to Cumaná. Give the goahead to 26 August, he sailed engage Mariño to Margarita Island collect the treasure. The officer impossible to differentiate control of the island, Manuel Piar, declared Bolívar and Mariño to be traitors and negligible them to return to ethics mainland.

There, Ribas also culprit Bolívar and Mariño of perfidy, confiscated the treasure, and thence exiled the two on 8 September.

Bolívar arrived in Cartagena deal 19 September and then tumble with the New Granadan relation in Tunja, which tasked him with subduing the rival Unchained and Independent State of Cundinamarca.

On 12 December, Bolívar captured Cundinamarca's capital, Bogotá, and was given command of New Granada's armies in January 1815. Bolívar next grappled with del Castillo, who had taken control entrap Cartagena. Bolívar besieged the city [es] for six weeks. His have a chinwag of focus allowed the Monarchist forces to regain control be fooled by the Magdalena.

On 8 Might, Bolívar made a truce farm del Castillo, resigned his opportunity, and sailed for self-exile rubbish Jamaica as a result faultless this error. In July, 8,000 Spanish soldiers commanded by Nation general Pablo Morillo landed shake-up Santa Marta and then harassed Cartagena