Ivar giaever biography of mahatma gandhi

American physicist Date of Birth: 05.04.1929 Country: USA

Content:

1. Ivar Giaever: Norwegian-American Nobel Adoration Winner in Physics
2. Military Service come to rest Emigration
3. Research at General Electric
4. Tunneling leading Superconductivity
5. Josephson Effects
6. Nobel Prize and Adjacent Work
7. Personal Life and Awards

Ivar Giaever: Norwegian-American Nobel Prize Winner unite Physics

Early Life and Education

Ivar Giaever was born on April 5, 1929, in Bergen, Norway.

Agreed was the second of leash children born to John Neat as a pin. Giaever, a pharmacist, and Gudrun M. Skårud. Giaever attended head teacher school in Toten and lower school in Hamar. After graduating from high school in 1946, he worked for a epoch at the Raufoss ammunition works. In 1948, he enrolled exploit the Norwegian Institute of Discipline in Trondheim, graduating in 1952 with a degree in heedless engineering.

Military Service and Emigration

Upon graduating, Giaever was drafted into depiction Norwegian army and served gorilla a corporal for one epoch.

After being discharged, he swayed as an examiner at honourableness Norwegian Patent Office. In 1954, due to housing shortages meet Norway, Giaever emigrated to Canada, where he briefly worked pass for an architectural draftsman before charming a job as a automatic engineer for General Electric Company's Fundamental Engineering Program.

Research at Typical Electric

In 1956, Giaever joined Public Electric's Research and Development Heart in Schenectady, New York, to what place he worked on applied reckoning problems.

It was at Metropolis that Giaever's interest in physics was sparked. He joined goodness solid-state physics research group groove 1956 and simultaneously pursued correct studies at the Rensselaer Mechanical Institute.

Giaever's research at General Driving focused on the electrical conduct of junctions consisting of metallic contacts separated by very bony insulating layers.

This work was of commercial interest because character surfaces of most electrical mixture contacts are separated by slight insulating layers of oxides see contaminants.

Tunneling and Superconductivity

Classical physics supposed that in cases where high-mindedness voltage between two contacts high opinion not high enough for electrons to overcome the electrical wall created by the insulator, rebuff current would flow, as at hand would be no electrons drag sufficient energy to penetrate greatness insulator.

However, quantum mechanics, which describes the behavior of systems at the atomic or subatomic scale, suggests that if rank insulating film is thin satisfactory, an electron can "tunnel" look sharp it and appear on greatness other side of the barrier.

Japanese physicist Leo Esaki had falsified a diode (known as dignity tunnel diode or Esaki diode) in which the electrical junctions are so thin (about well-organized billionth of a meter thick) that electrons can tunnel weed out them, giving rise to singular and useful electrical properties.

While secretly his graduate studies, Giaever became familiar with the BCS intent of superconductivity, named after Bathroom Bardeen, Leon N.

Cooper, meticulous J. Robert Schrieffer. In high-mindedness superconducting state, observed in tedious metals and metallic compounds, resources completely lose their resistance in the way that cooled below critical temperatures point to absolute zero, and go-getting currents can flow through them without loss. The critical weather ambience of a material depends amendment its chemical composition and structure.

Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer showed hold your attention 1957 that superconductivity in great material is governed by honesty interaction of pairs of electrons mediated by the exchange mention atomic vibrations (phonons).

This theory led to the development line of attack the BCS theory, the leading theory of superconductivity. According interrupt this theory, electron interactions obey atomic vibrations in a trouble give rise to so-called drive gaps for electrons in ethics superconductor, i.e., the electrons advance superconductors are not allowed obviate have these energies.

Giaever set go away to determine experimentally whether depiction presence of energy gaps budget superconductors would affect the effect properties of a junction consisting of an insulator between spruce up normal metal and a superconductor.

He found that the force gap was readily observable turf measurable using a technique be active developed. This provided strong commendation of the BCS theory.

Further studies of thin films of metal separated by a layer spick and span aluminum oxide showed that primacy electrical properties of such junctions could provide a wealth friendly information about the characteristics nigh on atomic vibrations and the attitude of superconductors, giving insights cruise would have been difficult chance on obtain by any other corkscrew.

Giaever's tunneling method quickly became one of the principal behavior of probing and characterizing superconductors.

Josephson Effects

In 1962, Brian D. Josephson extended Giaever's ideas to say publicly case of a junction consisting of an insulator between deuce superconductors. Josephson proposed that currents could flow between the figure superconductors even in the deficiency of a voltage across them, and that a voltage managing to the junction would check up rise to an alternating drift at a very high acceptance (Josephson effects).

Josephson's theory put on to the development of further sensitive detectors of changes discern magnetic field and voltage. Clobber based on Josephson effects arrange used in high-speed, low-power wisdom circuits in computers.

Nobel Prize spreadsheet Later Work

Giaever received his degree in 1964 and became a- United States citizen the dress year.

In 1973, Giaever wallet Leo Esaki were awarded fraction of the Nobel Prize admire Physics "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors." The other bisection was awarded to Josephson. Multiply by two his presentation speech at righteousness Nobel Prize ceremony, Stig Lundqvist of the Royal Swedish Establishment of Sciences stated that say publicly three new laureates "have open up new fields of investigating in physics.

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These fields are closely interconnected, because the pioneering work of Physicist provided the basis for unacceptable directly stimulated the discovery unchanging by Giaever, which in jaunt has acted as a stimulation leading to the theoretical predictions by Josephson... The discoveries holdup the laureates have found swift applications in electronics, in recollection of gravitational waves, in geologic prospecting for ore, in utter of messages through water vital rock, and in studying decency electromagnetic field around the bravery and brain."

In his acceptance allocution, Giaever stated that "the method to scientific discovery is scarcely ever straightforward and does not inescapably require a deep background be first skill.

I am convinced dump the beginner often has phony advantage over the expert exactly because of his ignorance; stylishness does not realize all primacy complicated reasons why it survey impossible to try a childish experiment." However, Giaever added, "it is essential to have stretch to to timely advice and value from experts in various comedian.

I was at the okay place at the right at this point and... I made friends who helped me unselfishly."

With a Altruist Fellowship, Giaever spent 1970 be redolent of Cambridge University studying biophysics topmost then returned to General Thrilling. His subsequent research focused group the properties of cell membranes and the behavior of accelerator molecules on solid surfaces.

Giaever's final work in immunology was carried out at General Dynamic and the Albany Medical Center.

Personal Life and Awards

Giaever married Setting Skramstad in 1952, and they had four children. An out-of-doors and sports enthusiast, Giaever enjoys tennis, hiking, travel, skiing, cruising, and windsurfing.

In 1965, Giaever was awarded the American Physical Society's Oliver E.

Buckley Prize detail Solid State Physics. He testing a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, ethics Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Norwegian Academy confront Sciences, the Biophysical Society, nearby the American Physical Society.