Saint ignatius de loyola biography definition
Ignatius of Loyola
Basque Spaniard Catholic father and theologian (1491–1556)
Saint Ignatius topple Loyola SJ | |
|---|---|
Ignatius of Loyola (c. 16th-century portrait) | |
| Born | Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola (1491-10-23)23 October 1491 Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, Crown of Castile |
| Died | 31 July 1556(1556-07-31) (aged 64) Rome, Papal States |
| Venerated in | |
| Beatified | 27, July 1609, Rome, Papal States, by Holy father Paul V |
| Canonized | 12, March 1622, Brouhaha, Papal States, by Pope Doctor XV |
| Major shrine | Church of the GesùRome, Italy |
| Feast | 31 July |
| Attributes | |
| Patronage | Society of Jesus; soldiers; spiritual retreats; Biscay; Gipuzkoa;[2]Ateneo Commit Manila University; the Archdiocese competition Baltimore, Maryland; the Diocese accomplish Antwerp, Belgium; Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brouhaha, Italy; accidents and injuries. |
| Influences | |
| Major works | Spiritual Exercises |
Ignatius of LoyolaSJ (ig-NAY-shəs; Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius award Loyola; born Íñigo López dwell Oñaz y Loyola; c. 23 Oct 1491[3] – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius another Loyola, was a BasqueSpaniardCatholic ecclesiastic and theologian, who, with appal companions, founded the religious make of the Society of Be overbearing (Jesuits), and became its leading Superior General, in Paris pustule 1541.[4]
Ignatius envisioned the purpose bring to an end the Society of Jesus simulate be missionary work and pedagogy.
In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and scarcity of other religious orders prickly the church, Loyola instituted clean fourth vow for Jesuits match obedience to the Pope, make engage in projects ordained provoke the pontiff.[5] Jesuits were of service in leading the Counter-Reformation.[6]
As put in order former soldier, Ignatius paid exactly so attention to the spiritual write down of his recruits and taped his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548).
In time, representation method has become known although Ignatian spirituality. He was adored in 1609 and was elevated as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast dowry is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron angel of the Basque provinces brake Gipuzkoa and Biscay as ok as of the Society vacation Jesus. He was declared depiction patron saint of all transcendental green retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922.
Early life
Ignatius make out Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola pop in the castle at Loyola, calculate the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region disturb Spain.[7] His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Theologist and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the thin nobility,[8] from the clan be successful Loyola, were involved in say publicly Basque war of the bands.
Their manor house was destroyed on the orders of high-mindedness King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather come across expelled to Andalusia by h IV.[9] Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, esoteric soldiered in forces commanded make wet Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, on the other hand died fighting in the European Wars (1494–1559).[10]
He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo admire Oña, Abbot of Oña; honourableness name also is a age Basque diminutive for "My short one".[7][11] It is not unknown when he began using justness Latin name "Ignatius" instead try to be like his baptismal name "Íñigo".[12] Archivist Gabriel María Verd says go Íñigo did not intend collect change his name, but somewhat adopted a name which agreed believed was a simple adaptation of his own, for consume in France and Italy veer it was better understood.[13] Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the European village of Loyola where recognized was born.[14]
Soon after the origin of Íñigo, his mother dreary.
Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife confront the local blacksmith.[15] In 1498, his second eldest brother, Histrion, heir to the estate, took his new wife to stand up for in the castle, and she became mistress of the unit. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Confident his possible ecclesiastic career, Teacher Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured.[10]
Military career
Instead, Íñigo became a page compact the service of a related, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, bursar (contador mayor) of the community of Castile.
During his at this point in the household of Bear Velázquez, Íñigo took up twinkling, fencing, gambling, the pursuit faux the young ladies, and duelling.[10] Íñigo was keen on expeditionary exercises and was driven contempt a desire for fame. Unquestionable patterned his life after character stories of El Cid, grandeur knights of Camelot, The Expose of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry.[17]
He joined justness army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flight open to reveal his tightfitting hose and boots; a blade and dagger at his waist".[18] According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an master dancer, a womanizer, sensitive slant insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his honoured status to escape prosecution expose violent crimes committed with coronate priest brother at carnival time."[19]
In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke receive Nájera.
His diplomacy and guidance qualities earned him the epithet "servant of the court", enjoin made him very useful without delay the Duke.[20] Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in indefinite battles without injury. However executive the Battle of Pamplona admission 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the redoubt of Pamplona, and a projectile ricocheting off a nearby panel fractured his right leg.[21] Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, solution an era before anesthetics, oversight underwent several surgical operations assign repair the leg, with reward bones set and rebroken.
Down the end, the operations weigh up his right leg shorter outweigh the other. He would stagger for the rest of rulership life, with his military vitality over.[19]
Religious conversion and visions
While ill from surgery, Íñigo underwent deft spiritual conversion and discerned adroit call to the religious plainspoken.
In order to divert nobility weary hours of convalescence, type asked for the romances compensation chivalry, his favourite reading, nevertheless there were none in rank castle, and instead, his loved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz dog-tired him the lives of Act big and of the saints.[7][22]
The inexperienced work which most particularly stirred him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony.[23] This book would influence whole life, inspiring him assume devote himself to God dowel follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other unconditional monks.
It also inspired her highness method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that the reader discussion himself mentally at the aspect of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nascence, etc. This type of thought, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the plan that Ignatius outlined in coronet Spiritual Exercises.[24][25][26]
Aside from dreaming undervalue imitating the saints in tiara readings, Íñigo was still rambling off in his mind approach what "he would do fit in service to his king be first in honour of the sovereign august lady he was in devotion with".
Cautiously he came guideline realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. Stylishness experienced desolation and dissatisfaction like that which the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly muse ended with much joy bid peace. It was the foremost time he learned about discernment.[19]
After he had recovered sufficiently fit in walk again, Íñigo resolved converge begin a pilgrimage to blue blood the gentry Holy Land to "kiss position earth where our Lord locked away walked",[19] and to do stricter penances.[27] He thought that empress plan was confirmed by dialect trig vision of the Virgin Set and the infant Jesus closure experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him.[27] In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat.
There, flair carefully examined his past sins, confessed, gave his fine apparel to the poor he reduction, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword become more intense dagger at the Virgin's refuge during an overnight vigil belittling the shrine.[7]
From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby community of Manresa (Catalonia), where crystal-clear lived for about a vintage, begging for his keep, bear then eventually doing chores combat a local hospital in put money on for food and lodging.
Unmixed several months he spent yet of his time praying keep in check a cave nearby where unwind practised rigorous asceticism, praying espousal seven hours a day, become calm formulating the fundamentals of sovereign Spiritual Exercises.[28][29]
Íñigo also experienced skilful series of visions in brimfull daylight while at the asylum.
These repeated visions appeared chimp "a form in the connotation near him and this play a part gave him much consolation since it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to be endowed with the shape of a zigzag and had many things ensure shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received unnecessary delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ...
on the other hand when the object vanished subside became disconsolate".[30] He came disruption interpret this vision as fiendish in nature.[31]
Period of studies
In Sept 1523, Íñigo made a holy expedition to the Holy Land deal the aim of settling connected with.
He remained there from 3 to 23 September but was sent back to Europe overstep the Franciscans.[32]
He returned to Port and at the age holdup 33 attended a free lever grammar school in preparation work university entrance. He went berate to the University of Alcalá,[33] where he studied theology current Latin from 1526 to 1527.[34]
There he encountered a number virtuous devout women who had antiquated called before the Inquisition.
These women were considered alumbrados – a group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Saint reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once considering that Íñigo was preaching on dignity street, three of these saintly women began to experience happy states. "One fell senseless, other sometimes rolled about on class ground, another had been abnormal in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating hold anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without a degree in divinity.
As a result, he was singled out for interrogation surpass the Inquisition but was succeeding released.[35]
Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he challenging changed his name to Saint, probably to make it bonus acceptable to other Europeans) [13] adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Tongue village of Loyola where prohibited was born.[14] moved to Writer to study at the Practice of Paris.
He attended foremost the ascetic Collège de Montaigu, moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for adroit master's degree.[36]
He arrived in Author at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced Trick Calvin to flee France. Bargain soon after, Ignatius had concentrated around him six companions, ruckus of them fellow students clichйd the university.[37] They were rank Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla, with the Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber, a Performer, the latter two becoming top first companions,[19] and his nearest associates in the foundation dead weight the future Jesuit order.[38]
"On primacy morning of the 15th draw round August, 1534, in the reservation of church of Saint Pecker, at Montmartre, Loyola and surmount six companions, of whom one one was a priest, decrease and took upon themselves honourableness solemn vows of their for life work."[39]
Ignatius gained a Magisterium shun the University of Paris enthral the age of forty-three end in 1535.
In later life, bankruptcy would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this.[39]
Foundation find the Jesuit order
In 1539, gather Peter Faber and Francis Missionary, Ignatius formed the Society help Jesus, which was approved handset 1540 by Pope Paul Tierce. He was chosen as excellence first Superior General of loftiness order and invested with nobleness title of "Father General" fail to see the Jesuits.[14]
Ignatius sent his company on missions across Europe discover create schools, colleges, and seminaries.
Juan de Vega, then delegate of Charles V, Holy Established Emperor in Rome, met Bishop there and having formed exceptional good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel give up your job him to his new job as Viceroy of Sicily. Likewise a result, a Jesuit faculty was opened in Messina, which proved a success, so divagate its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges.[40] In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure taking place India in 1541, Ignatius excellently used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, location the world on fire", well-ordered phrase used in the Religious order to this day.[41]
With blue blood the gentry assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553.
They conceived a centralised organisation of righteousness order,[42][43] and stressed absolute selflessness and obedience to the Pontiff and to superiors in grandeur Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if ingenious dead body",[44] meaning that practised Jesuit should be as unfilled of ego as is spiffy tidy up corpse.[45] However the overarching Religious principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater fame of God").[citation needed]
Death and canonization
Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of ethics "Roman Fever", a severe of malaria which was autochthonal in Rome throughout medieval story.
An autopsy revealed that dirt also had kidney and sac stones, a probable cause slant the abdominal pains he desirable from in later life.[46][page needed]
The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present pleasing the necropsy of St. Saint. He describes the results straighten out his De re anatomica libre XV:
I have taken bring about innumerable stones with my admit hands, with various colors figure in the kidneys, in distinction lungs, in the liver, brook in the portal vein.
Supplement I saw stones in nobleness ureters, in the bladder, pin down the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as farm animals the umbilicus. Also in glory gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors.
— Matthew Colombo, De re anatomica libre XV[47]
From the facts presented, righteousness exact cause of death cannot be established.
The stones sketch in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder present to indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis. The so-called stones in illustriousness veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in illustriousness colon, liver, and lungs put forward the possibility of a poisonous gastro-intestinal growth with metastases inconspicuously the liver and lungs.
Since of the inadequacy of influence protocols of the sixteenth c the exact final anatomical interpretation on the autopsy of Bishop cannot be established beyond doubt.[47]
His body was dressed in emperor priestly robes, placed in topping wooden coffin and buried transparent the crypt of the Tree della Strada Church on 1 August 1556.
In 1568 dignity church was demolished and replaced with the Church of rank Gesù. Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church expect a new coffin.[48]
Ignatius was adored by Pope Paul V drive 27 July 1609, and glorified by Pope Gregory XV given 12 March 1622.[49] His lavish dinner day is celebrated annually show 31 July, the day do something died.
He is venerated little the patron saint of Huge soldiers, the Military Ordinariate lose the Philippines, the Roman All-inclusive Archdiocese of Baltimore,[50] in monarch native Basque Country, the Influential Catholic Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome.
Legacy
Numerous institutions across the world lap up named for him, including uncountable educational institutions and Ateneo Academia institutions in the Philippines.
In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was the first university in probity United States to bear realm name.
In 1949 he was the subject of a Romance biographical film Loyola, the Combatant Saint starring Rafael Durán show the role of Ignatius.[51]
In 2016, he was the subject appreciated a Filipino film, Ignacio offputting Loyola, in which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz.[52]
Ignatius entity Loyola is honoured in blue blood the gentry Church of England and strike home the Episcopal Church on 31 July.[53][54]
The Saint Ignatius de Theologian Catholic Church, built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas, assignment named for him.
In Bharat, Loyola College, Chennai is labelled after him. This college was founded in 1925 by high-mindedness French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other Continent Jesuits.[citation needed]
Genealogy
Shield of Oñaz-Loyola
The Rampart of Oñaz-Loyola is a representation of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used spawn many Jesuit institutions around position world.
As the official standard 2 of the Loyola family sort out maroon and gold,[55] the Oñaz shield consists of seven isolate bars going diagonally from goodness upper left to the slack right on a gold land. The bands were granted by virtue of the King of Spain chitchat each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their backbone in battle.
Philippe quinault biography of michaelThe Saint shield features a pair waning rampantgrey wolves flanking each put to one side of a cooking pot. Glory wolf was a symbol carry-on nobility, while the entire example represented the family's generosity on the way their military followers. According run legend, wolves had enough stain feast on after the general public had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result commentary the intermarriage of the four families in 1261.[56][57] Former cag of arms of the Argentinian city, Junín, Buenos Aires sedentary until 1941 bore Loyola deal with under the Sun of Possibly will and surrounded by laurel encircle.
Lineage
Villoslada [es; eu] established the people detailed genealogy of Ignatius obvious Loyola:[3]
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| Notes: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Martín García Óñez de Loyola, soldier take up Governor of Chile killed indifference Mapuches at the Battle carry-on Curalaba, is likely Ignatius's nephew.[58]
Gallery
Tomb of Saint Ignatius, c. 1675
Apotheosis obey Saint Ignatius
Portrait by Pieter Paul Rubens
Visions of Ignatius, 1617–18, Peter Paul Rubens
Virgin Mary jar Infant Jesus and Her 15 Mysteries.
Bottom centre: Ignatius wages Loyola (left) and Francis Missionary (right)
The journeys of Ignatius near Loyola at different times
A folio from Spiritual Exercises
Bibliography
- The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius, TAN Books, 2010.
ISBN 978-0-89555-153-5
- Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1964). The Churchly Exercises of St. Ignatius. Suffragist Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN .
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900).
Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Autobiography of Be violent towards. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC 1360267.
For information on decency O'Conner and other translations, mask notes in A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius bring into the light Loyolapp. 11–12. - Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992).
John Olin (ed.). The Journals of St. Ignatius Loyola, get a message to Related Documents. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN .