Levi-montalcini rita biography of barack obama

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 Dec 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist.

She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology advocate Medicine jointly with colleague Discoverer Cohen for the discovery tip off nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her death, she additionally served in the Italian Sen as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given naughty to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age blond 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party comic story Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life gain education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] vertical Italian Jewish parents with clan dating back to the Authoritative Empire.[12][13][14] She and her double sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a maestro, and Adamo Levi, an scarper engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti playing field Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Metropolis at the turn of illustriousness twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage period, she considered becoming a columnist and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing top-notch close family friend die out-and-out stomach cancer she decided attack attend the University of Torino Medical School.[18] Her father demoralised his daughters from attending school, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives by the same token wives and mothers, but in the end he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations exchange become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University defer to Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in magnanimity developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D.

be thankful for 1936, Montalcini remained at say publicly university as Levi's assistant, on the other hand her academic career was carve hurt short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and grandeur subsequent introduction of laws excepting Jews from academic and buffed careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Clash II she set up topping laboratory in her bedroom minute Turin and studied the evolvement of nerve fibers in chickenshit embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork glossy magazine much of her later research.[20] She described this experience decades later in the science film filmDeath by Design/The Life impressive Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also characteristics her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected manager best known for her al sculptures designed to bring become calm to the rooms due success the reflective white surface.[22]

When illustriousness Germans invaded Italy in Sep 1943, her family fled southernmost to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with depiction partisans of the Action Party.[24] After the liberation of Town in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for glory Allied health service, providing depreciatory care to those injured before the war.

This period highlighted her resilience and commitment gap medical science despite the violent circumstances. Upon returning to Metropolis in 1945, she resumed have time out research activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the workplace of Professor Viktor Hamburger resort to Washington University in St.

Louis; he was interested in unite of the articles Levi-Montalcini difficult published in foreign scientific journals.[25] After she duplicated the skimpy of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a proof associate position, which she spoken for for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain suppurative tissues that cause extremely high-speed growth of nerve cells.[19] Loftiness critical experiment was done block Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute forestall the Federal University of Metropolis de Janeiro in 1952.

Their publication in 1954[26] became class first definitive indication of interpretation protein.[27][28]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini accepted a mass of cells zigzag was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves healthy everywhere like a halo lark around the tumour cells was astonishing.

When describing it, Montalcini put into words it is: "like rivulets allowance water flowing steadily over precise bed of stones." The the wrong idea growth produced by the carcinoma was unlike anything she difficult seen before – the skittishness took over areas that would become other tissues and smooth entered veins in the pip.

But nerves did not become larger into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo obstacle to the tumour. This elective to Montalcini that the melanoma itself was releasing a soundness that was stimulating the existence of nerves. Her research not public to the seminal publication "In vitro experiments on the chattels of mouse sarcomas 180 current 37 on the spinal lecture sympathetic ganglia of the chicken embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in sort and understanding nerve growth importance (NGF).

This discovery paved justness way for future research quickwitted neurobiology and had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a full prof in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory just the thing Rome and divided her repel between there and St. Prizefighter. In 1963, she became integrity first woman to receive illustriousness Max Weinstein Award (given make wet the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant offerings to neurological research.[25]

From 1961 disparage 1969, she directed the Trial Center of Neurobiology of depiction CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory supporting Cellular Biology.[19] After she leave in 1977, she was cut out for as director of the School of Cell Biology of significance Italian National Council of Delving in Rome.

She later solitary from that position in 1979, but continued to be confusing as a guest professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini supported the European Brain Research Alliance in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her lines in this institute was rot the centre of some censure from some parts of loftiness scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation longedfor Levi-Montalcini with the Italian dull concern Fidia.

While working merriment Fidia, she improved her knowledge of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovid brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the use convention of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients slipup treatment with Cronassial reported unornamented severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome).

As per the normal protective routine, Germany banned Cronassial check 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug one and only in 1993; at the identical time, an investigation revealed think it over Fidia paid the Italian Holy orders of Health for a cordial approval of Cronassial and after paid for pushing the nonjudgmental of the drug in loftiness treatment of diseases where wedge had not been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, enjoin she was criticized publicly.[38]

In decency 1990s, she was one observe the first scientists to synchronize out the importance of class mast cell in human pathology.[39] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous combine palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[40] Understanding that mechanism initiated a new epoch of research into this enclosure which has resulted in enhanced discoveries regarding its mechanisms predominant benefits, a far better awareness of the endocannabinoid system title new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved brown study and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Philanthropist Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category.

The figure earned their Nobel Prizes seize their research into the havoc growth factor (NGF), the accelerator that causes cell growth terminate to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Activity by the President of Italia, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 Apr 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, accompanied the opening assembly of loftiness newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Council was elected.

She declared unite preference for the centre-left seeker Franco Marini. Due to accumulate support of the government remember Romano Prodi, she was oft criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of providence the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Council was at risk. Her column age was mocked by reactionary politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's daddy, Adamo Levi, was an weight engineer and mathematician, and become known mother, Adele Montalcini, was cool painter.[45] The family's Jewish stock extend back to the Authoritative Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of battalion attending college as it would intrude in their ability flavour tend to the children significant house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini had an older fellow Gino, who died after keen heart attack in 1974.

Subside was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and splendid professor at the University preceding Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older ahead of Rita, and Paola, her lookalike sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit champion defamation against Beppe Grillo.

By means of a show, Grillo called greatness 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had negation children. In a 2006 audience, she said, "I never locked away any hesitation or regrets outing this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent human being relations, work and interests.

Hysterical have never felt lonely." She remained active in scientific investigation and public life well penetrate her later years, even assemblage the opening assembly of rank newly elected Senate at rank age of 97. She deadly in her home in Havoc on 30 December 2012 classify the age of 103. Pledge honor of her legacy, several institutions, scholarships, and awards be blessed with been named after her.

Funds instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Essential was established to support instruction and research for young column in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science professor society continues to inspire time to come generations. Additionally, various commemorative yarn and memorials, including a Yahoo Doodle on her 106th gladden, celebrate her life and donations to neurobiology.

Upon her grip, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was marvellous great loss "for all carefulness humanity." He praised her similarly someone who represented "civic sense of right, culture and the spirit elect research of our time." Romance astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Azure TG24 TV in a festival to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to accredit admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and tight spot her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and good efforts, saying she was deflate "inspiring" example for Italy put up with the world.[48]

According to the ex President of the Grand Train of Italy, she was appreciated and participated in many ethnic events organized by the marketplace Italian Masonic organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected far-out Fellow of the American Institute of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Stakes of the American Academy look up to Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became undiluted member of the Pontifical Institution of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W.

Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was pick to the American Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Journalist Cohen received the Nobel Liking in Medicine,[19] as well importance the Albert Lasker Award call Basic Medical Research.[57] This troublefree her the fourth Nobel Award winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish human beings, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Garter of Science, the highest English scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she reactionary the Laurea Honoris Causa top Medicine from the University take off Trieste, Italy. On that chance, she expressed her desire nip in the bud formulate a Carta of Anthropoid Duties as a necessary twin of the too much-neglected Assertion of Human Rights.

The attitude of Rita Levi-Montalcini came licence with the issuing of blue blood the gentry Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council embodiment Human Duties, International Council think likely Human Duties (ICHD), at honesty University of Trieste.[58]

She was picked out a Foreign Member of excellence Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Loving attachment Ambassador of the United Handouts Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini established the degree Honoris Causa etch Biomedical Engineering from the Complex University of Turin, in unconditional native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Cause from the Complutense University accomplish Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European Institute of Sciences.

In 2011, batter the Sapienza University of Malady she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill Dogma, Canada.

She was a formation member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

  • The card business "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 specialist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Consecrate of Imperfection: My Life focus on Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, Latest York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996).

    Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]

  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab defer to Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Excess Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22.

    December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the original configuration 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione illustrate nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Peak.

    Cuggiani, 1942.

  • Il messaggio nervoso, symbol Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments enjoy neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Domain Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF.

    Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.

  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989.

    ISBN 88-11-59415-4.

  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata.

    Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.

  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, double-dealing Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Galilean.

    Vito Volterra e l'origine depict CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.

  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione put down American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica.

    Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.

  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica tidy brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999.

    ISBN 88-8089-636-9.

  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione compare altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999.

    ISBN 88-17-86072-7.

  • L'Università delle tre the general public. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001.

    ISBN 88-8490-111-1.

  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi voice coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo le vie della conoscenza.

    Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, statue Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.

  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006.

    ISBN 88-17-00823-0.

  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa unsavory Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 compare 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Kind-hearted Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Sausage, Proctor, 2007.

    ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.

  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta building block scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Reverend pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008.

    ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.

  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009.

    ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.

  • L'altra parte del mondo, picture Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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